Mechanical Harvest

Reducing the costs of harvest labor is a major concern for many producers of agricultural crops, and cider apples are definitely among those with high potential for innovation. Many cider apple varieties have small fruit, compared to standard dessert apples, so it can take as much as 4 times longer to hand-pick a bin of cider apples. However, unlike fruit intended for the fresh market, fruit for cider is usually pressed shortly after picking, so any fruit damage resulting from mechanical picking is of little concern.

Proof of Concept: Over-the-row Mechanical Harvest

Small-fruit harvesters are common in western Washington, where raspberries and blueberries are widely planted crops. At the time of cider apple harvest, berry season is over and the harvesters are available for use in picking cider apples. Modern apple trellising systems, with closely planted trees on dwarfing rootstocks, are well suited to picking with mechanized harvesters.

From 2002–2003, a cider apple planting was established on a low trellis, with trees grafted to strongly dwarfing rootstocks M27 and M9. From 2011 to 2016, replicated trials were conducted using a mechanical raspberry harvester (Littau Model OR0012) and two post-harvest storage treatments (0, 2, and 4 weeks cold and ambient storage) to examine the possible effects of harvest method.

Mechanical Cider Harvest 2011 (Video) Using Littau small fruit over-the-row harvester at WSU Mount Vernon NWREC.

Journal Publications

• Alexander, T., J. King, E. Scheenstra, and C.A. Miles. 2016 (PDF). Yield, fruit damage, yield loss and juice quality characteristics of machine and hand harvested ‘Brown Snout’ specialty cider apple stored at ambient conditions in northwest Washington. HortTechnology 26(5):614-619.
• King, J. and C.A. Miles. 2014 (PDF). Yield, labor, and fruit and juice quality characteristics of machine and hand-harvested ‘Brown Snout’ specialty cider apple. HortTechnology 24(5):519-526.
• Miles, C.A.,  J. Roozen, A. Zimmerman, K. Hasenoehrl, and J. King. 2011 (PDF). WSU Mount Vernon NWREC Annual Report 2011:  Hard Cider. Annual report on the first trial of mechanical harvest at WSU Mount Vernon.

European Mechanized Harvest Systems

Mechanized harvest systems for cider apples have been common in Europe for years. Many traditional cider orchards in England and France are made up of large trees on vigorous rootstocks, free standing and widely spaced. At harvest time, tree shakers knock down the ripe fruit, which is then swept from the ground into a mechanized collector, often equipped with blowers to remove leaves and debris, and loaded into bins. Mechanical harvest technology uses methods designed for varying tree sizes and spacings, farm scale, and grower needs.

• Cider apple harvest using combined tree shaker and collecting net attachment France (Video 3 min 2 sec; with familiar background music)
• Cider apple harvest using large tree shakers and mechanized sweepers in a mature apple orchard England (Video 11 min 28 sec)
• Large scale ride-along mechanical harvester for collecting fallen cider apples from orchard floor, with hydraulic dump bucket Germany (Video 3 min 56 sec)
• Ride-along mechanical harvester for collecting fallen cider apples from orchard floor, with bin combined loader and trailer Germany (Video 2 min 40 sec)
• Rotary sweeper collects fallen cider apples from the orchard floor Molaignes, France (Video 1:00 min)
• Small scale ride-along mechanical harvester for collecting fallen cider apples from orchard floor Germany (Video 5 min 58 sec)
• Small scale walk-behind mechanical harvester for collecting fallen cider apples from orchard floor Germany (Video 3 min 6 sec)
• Small scale walk-behind mechanical harvester with hydraulic dump bucket Germany (Video 1 min 36 sec)
• Tree shaker operating in a closely planted young apple orchard Germany (Video 1 min 39 sec)